Appl Note 1023

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Application of Powder Diffraction in Geology

 

Introduction

Earth's crust compostion - 95% igneous rock (or it's metamorphic equivalent) - e.g., basalt, granite, granitic gneiss, schist...

8 most abundant elements in crust = (99 weight % and approx. volume) O, Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Na, K, Mg
Most common crustal minerals are:

- silicates - e.g., quartz SiO2
- aluminosilicates - e.g., K-feldspar (orthoclase) KAlSi3O8
- oxides - e.g., hematite Fe2O3

Total earth:
composition - 99% Fe, O, Si, Mg, Ni, S, Ca, Al

- difference due to core and mantle
Fe, Mg-silicates = mantle
S, Ni, Fe = core
 

Common Phases

Sample Preparation

Phase Identification

Phase Quantification

Other Application Notes are also available:

 

Note No

Title

 Author

Link to ApplNote
AN-101 Powder diffraction of Asbestos XRD.US http://www.xrd.us/applnote/asbestos.htm
AN-102 Powder diffraction of Catalysts XRD.US www.xrd.us/applnote/catalysts.htm
AN-103 Powder diffraction of Ceramics XRD.US www.xrd.us/applnote/ceramics.htm
AN-104 Powder diffraction of Chemicals XRD.US www.xrd.us/applnote/chemicals.htm
AN-105 Powder diffraction of Clays and clay minerals XRD.US www.xrd.us/applnote/clays.htm
AN-106 Powder diffraction of Clinker and cement XRD.US http://www.xrd.us/applnote/clinker and cement.htm
AN-107 Powder diffraction of Composite materials XRD.US http://www.xrd.us/applnote/composite materials.htm
AN-108 Powder diffraction of Corrosion products XRD.US http://www.xrd.us/applnote/corrosion products.htm
AN-109 Powder diffraction for Environmental Appl XRD.US http://www.xrd.us/applnote/environmental.htm
AN-1010 Powder diffraction of Fly ash XRD.US www.xrd.us/applnote/fly ash.htm
AN-1011 Powder diffraction of Forensics XRD.US http://www.xrd.us/applnote/forensics.htm
AN-1012 Powder diffraction of Industrial wastes XRD.US http://www.xrd.us/applnote/industrial wastes.htm
AN-1013 Powder diffraction of Metals and alloys XRD.US http://www.xrd.us/applnote/metals and alloys.htm
AN-1014 Powder diffraction for  Mineral studies XRD.US http://www.xrd.us/applnote/minerals.htm
AN-1015 Powder diffraction for Mining XRD.US http://www.xrd.us/applnote/mining.htm
AN-1016 Powder diffraction of Nanomaterials XRD.US http://www.xrd.us/applnote/nanomaterials.htm
AN-1017 Powder diffraction for Oil drilling XRD.US http://www.xrd.us/applnote/oil drilling.htm
AN-1018 Powder diffraction in Patent process XRD.US http://www.xrd.us/applnote/patent infringment.htm
AN-1019 Powder diffraction of Pharmaceuticals XRD.US http://www.xrd.us/applnote/pharmaceuticals.htm
AN-1020 Powder diffraction of Plastics, fibers & textiles XRD.US http://www.xrd.us/applnote/plastic fiber textile.htm
AN-1021 Powder diffraction of Raw materials XRD.US http://www.xrd.us/applnote/raw materials.htm
AN-1022 Powder diffraction of Refractory materials XRD.US http://www.xrd.us/applnote/refractory materials.htm
AN-1023 Powder diffraction of Rocks XRD.US http://www.xrd.us/applnote/rocks.htm
AN-1024 Powder diffraction of Semiconductors XRD.US http://www.xrd.us/applnote/semiconductors.htm
AN-1025 Powder diffraction of Soils XRD.US http://www.xrd.us/applnote/soils.htm

 

 

 

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